BACKGROUND The health sector in Poland is currently facing challenges such as limited financial resources, poor infrastructure, and insufficient human resources. To address these issues, increasing cost-effectiveness at the individual physician level has become essential. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of patient care at the level of individual primary health care physicians and to compare the performance of physicians working in urban and rural areas. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirteen original effectiveness indicators were developed based on a literature review, expert consultations, and a pilot study at the Medical and Diagnostic Center in Siedlce. The indicators were used to evaluate the effectiveness of physicians and compare physicians' characteristics working in rural and urban areas. The study extracted data on physicians' characteristics and used the indicators to evaluate their effectiveness. RESULTS Physicians working in rural areas treated more patients due to staff shortages. However, physicians working in urban areas demonstrated greater effectiveness in performing routine and advanced health checks and mammograms. Despite this advantage, the average life expectancy of patients was higher among patients of physicians working in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS Five indicators developed in the study formed a scale, which is a step toward developing a uniform effectiveness indicator. Further research on consistently measuring effectiveness could significantly impact the development of sociometric research methodology. This study highlights the differences in efficiency and effectiveness of physicians working in rural vs urban areas and underscores the need for healthcare policymakers to consider these differences in addressing healthcare resource allocation.