Clinical Approach to Evaluation of Underlying Cardiac Device Infection in Patients Hospitalized with Bacteremia

Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2023 Aug 1;19(4):48-57. doi: 10.14797/mdcvj.1271. eCollection 2023.

Abstract

More than 400,000 cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including permanent pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices, are implanted every year in the United States (US). Infection is a serious complication of CIED therapy and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. While CIED pocket infection can be diagnosed based on clinical exam findings, positive blood culture may be the only manifestation of CIED lead infection. Thus, management of bacteremia in patients living with CIEDs requires special consideration. This review summarizes contemporary data in the context of the recently updated 2023 Duke-International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases Criteria for Infective Endocarditis. We have synthesized these data into an algorithmic approach to streamline the diagnostic evaluation of CIED infection in patients presenting with bacteremia.

Keywords: bacteremia; cardiac implantable electronic devices; hematogenous seeding; infective endocarditis.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Bacteremia* / diagnosis
  • Bacteremia* / etiology
  • Bacteremia* / therapy
  • Communicable Diseases* / complications
  • Communicable Diseases* / therapy
  • Defibrillators, Implantable* / adverse effects
  • Heart Diseases* / therapy
  • Humans
  • Pacemaker, Artificial* / adverse effects
  • Prosthesis-Related Infections* / diagnosis
  • Prosthesis-Related Infections* / therapy
  • Retrospective Studies

Grants and funding

This work was made possible due to funding by the National Institutes of Health Loan Repayment Program L30AI154520 to Dr. Axell-House.