Objective: Prevention of rebleeding events is crucial for patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease (MMD), as these increase the risk of mortality. Bypass surgery is effective in preventing subsequent hemorrhage, particularly in patients with posterior hemorrhage, but its efficacy in those with anterior hemorrhage remains unclear. We analyzed the effects of surgical intervention, stroke risk factors, and radiological features on rebleeding events.
Methods: Patients with hemorrhagic-onset MMD who were followed at our institution between 2000 and 2022 were included (41 adult patients, 45 hemispheres). Baseline characteristics and radiological features (anterior or posterior hemorrhagic site, Suzuki grade, posterior cerebral artery involvement, and periventricular anastomosis) were thoroughly reviewed.
Results: Of the 45 hemispheres, hemorrhage developed in 9 (20%) hemispheres, with a median duration until rebleeding of 38 (range: 1-44) months. Rebleeding rates were significantly lower in the surgical group than in the nonsurgical group (odds ratio: 0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01-0.79; P = 0.011), and Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significantly longer interval between bleeding events in the surgical group (1.3%/y vs. 5.3%/y; P = 0.002), especially in the anterior hemorrhage group (1.3%/y vs. 5.1%/y; P = 0.019). The hazard ratio of surgical intervention for rebleeding with initial anterior hemorrhage was 0.11 (95% CI: 0.01-0.98; P = 0.048). In the nonsurgical group, the presence of hypertension shortened the time to subsequent hemorrhage (P = 0.004).
Conclusions: Surgical intervention may decrease the risk of rebleeding in hemorrhagic onset MMD patients, even in those presenting with anterior hemorrhage. Hypertension was a significant risk factor for rebleeding in nonsurgical patients.
Keywords: Anterior hemorrhage; Bypass surgery; Hypertension; Moyamoya disease; Rebleeding; Risk factor; Stroke.
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