1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, P. R. China.
2 College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
3 Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China.
4 Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China.
5 Department of Materials Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China.
6 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, PR China.
7 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, P. R. China. zq304@njust.edu.cn.
8 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA. hkung@northwestern.edu.
9 College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA. mfan@uwyo.edu.
10 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. mfan@uwyo.edu.
Urea is an essential fertilizer needed to meet the global demand for food. Currently, its production rate by reaction of carbon dioxide with ammonia is slow and the energy demand is high. Here we discuss strategies to overcome these challenges.