The Effect of Metacarpal Shortening on Finger Strength and Joint Motion: A Cadaveric Biomechanical Study

Alfonso Mejia; Asher Eli Lichtig; Arnab Ghosh; Akshay Balasubramaniyan; Daniel Mass; Farid Amirouche

doi:10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.03.007

The Effect of Metacarpal Shortening on Finger Strength and Joint Motion: A Cadaveric Biomechanical Study

J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2023 Apr 6;5(4):407-412. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.03.007. eCollection 2023 Jul.

Authors

Alfonso Mejia¹, Asher Eli Lichtig¹, Arnab Ghosh², Akshay Balasubramaniyan², Daniel Mass¹, Farid Amirouche^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ Chicago Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL.
² Chicago Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL.
³ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL.

Abstract

Purpose: Discrepancies exist between previous biomechanical and clinical studies when determining acceptable metacarpal shortening after metacarpal fractures. This study aimed to determine the amount of acceptable shortening after a metacarpal fracture before finger motion and strength is compromised.

Methods: We defrosted ten fresh-frozen cadaveric hands. A screw-driven external fixator was placed to stabilize the metacarpal, then a 15.0-mm section of the index metacarpal was excised and replaced with a three dimensional-printed, custom-designed polyethylene insert. The hand was then mounted on a custom testing rig, and the index finger was flexed using the flexor digitorum profundus tendon. Joint angles and fingertip force were recorded as the finger was flexed. Incrementally smaller inserts were placed, and testing was repeated.

Results: The average joint angles of the intact condition for the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints were (54 [SD = 13], 79 [SD = 21], and 73 [SD = 10]), respectively. There were no statistically significant changes to any joint angle with any amount of shortening. The maximal fingertip contact pressures were 41 N (17), 31 N (12), 24 N (14), 19 N, (11), and 14 N (8) for the 15 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 7.5 mm, and 5 mm inserts, respectively. All changes in fingertip force by insert size were statistically significant.

Conclusion: Metacarpal shortening does not affect flexion range of motion regardless of the amount of shortening, but it significantly affects finger strength. The loss of strength after shortening was approximately 6.5% per mm of shortening for the fractured metacarpal.

Clinical relevance: When viewed in the context of the hand as a whole and the contribution of the index finger to grip being only 23.5%, it is unlikely that any shortening will significantly affect the average patient regarding grip strength. However, for a patient who requires fine motor strength, any amount of shortening may affect their finger function and needs to be addressed.

Keywords: Biomechanics; Fracture; Metacarpal; Motion; Shortening.