Large Chromosome 2p Duplication-Associated Mechanisms and Clinical Presentations

Abstract

Chromosome 2p (chr2p) duplication, also known as trisomy 2p, is a rare chromosome abnormality associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and distinctive facial features. Most of the reported cases involving trisomy 2p include additional copy number variants (CNVs) in other regions of the genome and are usually small in size. Little is known about the clinical outcomes of large duplications of chr2p as the sole cytogenetic abnormality. In this study, 193 samples at the Greenwood Genetic Center (GGC) with CNVs involving chr2p were evaluated, out of which 86 had chr2p duplications. Among them, 8 patients were identified with large chr2p duplications ranging in size from 9.3 Mb to 89 Mb, and no deletions or duplications involving other chromosomes were identified in those patients. These duplications were associated with inverted duplication, tandem duplication, and duplication as the result of translocation, with no additional CNVs identified by microarray analysis. Confirmation by conventional cytogenetics was performed in 7 of the 8 patients, and the translocations were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Interestingly, 1 patient was found to have mosaic complete trisomy 2p as the result of an unbalanced de novo (X;2) chromosomal translocation. X-inactivation was skewed toward the derivative X chromosome, yet it did not appear to extend into the chromosome 2 material. Various shared clinical manifestations were observed in the individuals in this study, including developmental delay, hemifacial hypoplasia, cleft palate, and short stature, and they also have distinct features such as hypotonia, cerebellar hypogenesis, and corpus callosum agenesis, which might result from a gene dosage effect of the duplication. In conclusion, single-event large chr2p duplications can result from different mechanisms, including inverted or tandem duplications within chromosome 2, or translocations involving chromosome 2 and other chromosomes. Partial or complete trisomy 2p is commonly associated with developmental delay, and additional clinical features may be related to gene dosage effects.

Keywords: Chromosome 2p; Cytogenetic mechanism; Duplication; Inversion; Translocation.