Effect of case hardening on the wear and hardness properties of medium carbon steel for bone crushing application

Bose M Edun; Oluseyi O Ajayi; Philip O Babalola; Enesi Y Salawu

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17923

Effect of case hardening on the wear and hardness properties of medium carbon steel for bone crushing application

Heliyon. 2023 Jul 7;9(7):e17923. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17923. eCollection 2023 Jul.

Authors

Bose M Edun^{1

2}, Oluseyi O Ajayi², Philip O Babalola², Enesi Y Salawu²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ogun State Institute of Technology, Igbesa, Nigeria.
² Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Abstract

The majority of wear-related problems are connected to crushing machines because hammer failure frequently causes machine failure which eventually leads to machine downtime. Therefore, improving the reliability of crushing materials is necessary for effective production. This research investigation focused on the development of crushing material with appropriate strength properties that can function in critical, impact-prone, corrosive, and abrasive conditions. The current study used palm kernel shell, coconut shell, and sawdust powder as the media for medium carbon steel in order to valorize the agro waste. Carburising media PKS-composition, CS-composition, and SD-composition were changed to 40%: 30%: 30%, PKS-composition 100%, CS-composition 100%, and SD-composition 100%. The process was carried out in 1 h (60 mims), 1 h:30 min (90 min), 2 h (120 min), 2 h:30 (150 min), and 3 h (180 min) soak period with varied carburising temperatures of 900, 950, 1000, and 1050 °C. However, several characterisation and mechanical tests were carried out using an optical microscope, a spark spectrometer, a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer, wear tester to explore their microstructural features. Vicker's hardness tester, sliding wear tester, and a thermal gravimetric analysis testing machine were also employed. In order to establish reasons for failure other than the cyclic loading on the materials, the results were compared with the properties of as-received un-failed, and carburised medium carbon steel. The results of carburisation show that PKS penetrates carbon at a rate that is noticeably higher than that of other materials at various temperatures and times, indicating that carbon diffuses deeply into the material. Hence, this enhances the wear resistance, and sample's hardness number but decreased its impact toughness respectively.

Keywords: Carburisation; Case hardening; Crushing application; Economic proficiency; Fatigue strength; Microstructure; Strengthening; Transformation; Wear resistance.