Thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications in patients with prosthetic heart valves cared for in a tertiary care center. What have we learned?

Gac Med Mex. 2023;159(3):210-218. doi: 10.24875/GMM.M23000772.

Abstract

Background: Heart valve replacement surgery with mechanical or biological prostheses entails a risk of thromboembolism and bleeding complications.

Objective: To determine the complications related to complementary anticoagulation therapy and the probability of risk.

Methods: One-hundred and sixty-three patients who underwent heart valve replacement between 2002 and 2016 with either mechanical or biological prostheses, and who received vitamin K antagonists after hospital discharge, were studied. Anticoagulation therapy was categorized into optimal and non-optimal according to INR values prior to the development of complications. Patients with comorbidities and other risk factors for thrombosis and/or bleeding were excluded.

Results: In total, 68.7 % of patients received mechanical prostheses, and 31.3 %, biological prostheses (p ≤ 0.001); 25.2 % experienced the complications that motivated the study (p ≤ 0.001), which were hemorrhagic in 48.8 %, thromboembolic in 26.8 %, and of both types in 24.4 % (relative risk = 4.229). Among the patients with complications, 95.1 % received mechanical prostheses, and 4.9 %, biological (p = 0.005); non-optimal INR was identified in 49.7 % (p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions: Given the high risk of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications, valve prostheses must be carefully chosen, and care priorities should include prevention and follow-up, especially in those patients who require anticoagulation therapy.

Antecedentes: El reemplazo valvular por prótesis mecánicas o biológicas implica riesgo de tromboembolismo y complicaciones hemorrágicas.

Objetivo: Determinar las complicaciones relacionadas con la terapia de anticoagulación complementaria y la probabilidad de riesgo en pacientes portadores de prótesis valvulares del corazón.

Métodos: Se estudiaron 163 pacientes entre 2002 y 2016, portadores de prótesis mecánicas y biológicas, quienes recibieron antagonistas de la vitamina K posterior al egreso hospitalario. La terapia de anticoagulación se categorizó en óptima y no óptima conforme a los valores de INR previos a las complicaciones. Fueron excluidos los pacientes con comorbilidades y otros factores de riesgo de trombosis y/o sangrado.

Resultados: a 68.7 % de los pacientes se les colocó prótesis mecánica y a 31.3 %, biológica (p ≤ 0.001); 25.2 % presentó las complicaciones motivo de estudio (p ≤ 0.001), hemorrágicas en 48.8 %, tromboembólicas en 26.8 % y de ambos tipos en 24.4 % (riesgo relativo = 4.229); a 95.1 % de los pacientes con complicaciones se les colocó prótesis mecánica y a 4.9 %, biológica (p = 0.005); 49.7 % presentó INR no óptimo (p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusiones: Ante riesgo alto de complicaciones tromboembólicas y hemorrágicas, la elección de las prótesis valvulares, la prevención y el seguimiento son prioridades, principalmente en quienes requieren terapia de anticoagulación.

Keywords: Anticoagulation therapy; Bleeding complications; Complicaciones hemorrágicas; Complicaciones tromboembólicas; Deterioro valvular estructural; Heart valve prostheses; Prosthetic valve thrombosis; Prótesis valvulares del corazón; Structural valve deterioration; Terapia de anticoagulación; Thromboembolic complications; Trombosis valvular protésica.

MeSH terms

  • Anticoagulants / therapeutic use
  • Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation* / adverse effects
  • Heart Valve Prosthesis* / adverse effects
  • Heart Valves
  • Hemorrhage / epidemiology
  • Hemorrhage / etiology
  • Humans
  • Tertiary Care Centers
  • Thromboembolism* / epidemiology
  • Thromboembolism* / etiology
  • Thromboembolism* / prevention & control

Substances

  • Anticoagulants