Adhesions are a form of internal scar tissue, that develops in 70-90% of patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Although most adhesions are asymptomatic, adhesions cause a lifelong risk for complications, including adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO), chronic pain, infertility and difficulties during reoperations. ASBO is an abdominal emergency, resulting in hospital readmissions and a reoperation in 30-50% of cases. ASBO is associated with a high risk of recurrence. The risk of recurrence can be reduced by the use of adhesion barriers during operative treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that elective adhesiolysis with use of adhesion barrier for pain is effective in selected patients. Novel imaging techniques, such as cineMRI, can help select patients in whom adhesiolysis is safe and effective. Reconstructive surgery with adhesiolysis is seldom performed for acquired infertility. However, this treatment has potential benefits over IVF in young couples.