Transsphenoidal surgery(TSS), a revolutionary approach for treating pituitary lesions, was developed at the beginning of the 20th century. However, it has been disused owing to its high complication and fatality rates. In the 1960s, Hardy et al. introduced microscopy into TSS and established its safety, making it a standard procedure that has spread worldwide. In the 1990s, endoscopes were introduced, and further advances were made. In other words, advances in optical instruments have significantly contributed to the development of TSS. Endoscopic TSS(eTSS)has made significant strides since the introduction of high-definition endoscopes in the 2010s. This report outlines the advantages and disadvantages of eTSS and its basic techniques.