1 The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
2 Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
3 Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
4 KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
5 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
6 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA.
7 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
8 Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA. yanfa.yan@utoledo.edu.
9 The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ted.sargent@utoronto.ca.
10 Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. ted.sargent@utoronto.ca.
11 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. ted.sargent@utoronto.ca.