Correcting the drug development paradigm for glioblastoma requires serial tissue sampling

Affiliations

• ¹ The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
• ² Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
• ³ Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
• ⁴ National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
• ⁵ Ivy Brain Tumor Center, The Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
• ⁶ Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
• ⁷ German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
• ⁸ Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
• ⁹ Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
• ¹⁰ Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
• ¹¹ Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
• ¹² Neuro-Oncology Program, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
• ¹³ Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, USA.
• ¹⁴ Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
• ¹⁵ Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
• ¹⁶ National Brain Tumor Society (NBTS), Newton, MA, USA.
• ¹⁷ School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
• ¹⁸ US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
• ¹⁹ Department of Neurooncology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
• ²⁰ Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
• ²¹ Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
• ²² School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
• ²³ School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
• ²⁴ Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
• ²⁵ Surgical Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
• ²⁶ Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US.
• ²⁷ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
• ²⁸ Department of NeuroOncology, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
• ²⁹ Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
• ³⁰ Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF Brain Tumor Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
• ³¹ The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. mustafa.khasraw@duke.edu.