GC-MS analysis of aqueous extract of Nymphaea lotus and ameliorative potential of its biosynthesized gold nanoparticles against cadmium-induced kidney damage in rats

Victor A Adebayo; Olusola Bolaji Adewale; Scholastica Onyebuchi Anadozie; Olukemi Adetutu Osukoya; Tajudeen Olabisi Obafemi; Deborah Funmilayo Adewumi; Olajumoke Tolulope Idowu; Amos Onasanya; Abiodun Ayodele Ojo

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17124

GC-MS analysis of aqueous extract of Nymphaea lotus and ameliorative potential of its biosynthesized gold nanoparticles against cadmium-induced kidney damage in rats

Heliyon. 2023 Jun 8;9(6):e17124. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17124. eCollection 2023 Jun.

Authors

Victor A Adebayo¹, Olusola Bolaji Adewale¹, Scholastica Onyebuchi Anadozie¹, Olukemi Adetutu Osukoya¹, Tajudeen Olabisi Obafemi¹, Deborah Funmilayo Adewumi², Olajumoke Tolulope Idowu², Amos Onasanya¹, Abiodun Ayodele Ojo²

Affiliations

¹ Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Km 8.5, Afe Babalola Way, P.M.B 5454, Ado-Ekiti, 360001, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
² Industrial Chemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Km 8.5, Afe Babalola Way, P.M.B 5454, Ado-Ekiti, 360001, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

Abstract

Plants possess compounds serving as reducing agents for green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which is currently considered for biomedical application. Exposure to cadmium (Cd) can affect the functional integrity of the several organs such as kidney and liver. Nymphaea lotus (NL) is known for its several medicinal properties, including its protective role against tissue damages. This study investigated the bioactive compounds in NL using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and ameliorative potential of its biosynthesized AuNPs (NL-AuNPs) against Cd-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The presence of bioactive compounds in N. lotus was investigated by GC-MS in aqueous extract of NL. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extract of NL. Thirty rats were grouped into six (n = 5). Group 1 served as control, while group 2, 3, 4 and 5 received CdCl₂ (10 mg/kg) orally for five days. Thereafter, groups 3, 4, and 5, respectively, received silymarin (75 mg/kg), 5 and 10 mg/kg NL-AuNPs, orally for 14 days, while group 6 received 10 mg/kg NL-AuNPs only. Rats were sacrificed after treatment, and biochemical parameters and kidney histopathology were evaluated. Bioactive compounds of pharmacological importance identified include pyrogallol, oxacyclohexadecan-2-one, 22-Desoxycarpesterol, 7,22-Ergostadienol, β-sitosterol and Dihydro-β-agarofuran. Cadmium caused nephrotoxicity in rats, as evidenced by significant (p < 0.05) increase in the levels of kidney function markers (serum urea and creatinine) and inflammatory markers (Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB)) when compared with control. These changes were significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated by the spherically-synthesized NL-AuNPs (25-30 nm) with the 5 mg/kg NL-AuNPs more potent against kidney damage induced by Cd in rats but high doses of NL-AuNPs (≥10 mg/kg) could be suggested toxic. NL possess phytochemicals capable of reducing gold salts to nanoparticle form, and doses up to 5 mg/kg could be considered safe for the treatment of renal damage occasioned by cadmium.

Keywords: Bioactive compounds; Inflammation; Kidney function; Lipid peroxidation; Renal toxicity.