Psychopathology, cortisol and testosterone responses to traumatic images: differences between urban and suburban citizens in a middle-income country

Lilian Mayagoitia-Novales; Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina; Sheila Adriana Mendoza-Mojica; Javier I Borráz-León; M Alejandra Hernández-Melesio; Gabriela Josefina Saldívar-Hernández

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1187248

Psychopathology, cortisol and testosterone responses to traumatic images: differences between urban and suburban citizens in a middle-income country

Front Psychol. 2023 Jul 7:14:1187248. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1187248. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Lilian Mayagoitia-Novales¹, Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina¹, Sheila Adriana Mendoza-Mojica², Javier I Borráz-León^{1

3}, M Alejandra Hernández-Melesio¹, Gabriela Josefina Saldívar-Hernández⁴

Affiliations

¹ Departamento de Etología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
² Unidad Académica Profesional Tejupilco, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
³ Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
⁴ Dirección de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y Sociales, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.

Abstract

Background: Living in urban places has been associated with a higher risk of psychopathology as well as with altered hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and consequently altered cortisol response, but studies have concentrated mainly in high-income countries population. The role of other hormones such as testosterone, implicated in stress response and with human social behaviors, have not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to compare symptoms of psychopathology as well as cortisol and testosterone in response to traumatic images between urban and suburban people in a middle-income country.

Methods: A sample of 67 women and 55 men (N = 122, 18-45 years) from urban and suburban places of Mexico participated in the study. We quantified salivary cortisol and testosterone in response to images with traumatic and violent content (basal, 15, 30, and 45 min after images). Participants answered a general information questionnaire and the Symptom Checklist-90-R to assess their psychopathological traits. We performed Generalized Estimating Equation Models to analyze hormonal levels and MANOVAs to compare differences in participants' psychopathology symptoms. Area under the curve respect to ground (AUC_G) of hormonal levels and sex differences were also compared.

Results: Suburban citizens showed no cortisol response, whereas urban people showed a cortisol peak 15 min after the image's exposure; however, suburban people had higher AUC_G and basal levels compared to urban ones. Contrastingly, testosterone levels declined in all participants excepting the urban women, who showed no testosterone response. Although similar testosterone profile, AUC_G levels were higher in urban than suburban men. Participants living in suburban areas had higher scores of somatizations, obsessive-compulsive, and interpersonal sensitivity, as well as more sleep disorders than participants living in urban areas.

Conclusion: This study offers novel evidence about differences in cortisol and testosterone responses to a social stressor and in mental health indicators between a population of urban and suburban citizens, highlighting the impact of urbanization process on physiological and psychological outcomes in a middle-income country.

Keywords: HPA axis; cortisol; mental health; psychopathology; testosterone; urbanization.