Implications of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling mechanisms in human cancers

Saran Aravinda Chandrasekar; Thirunavukkarasu Palaniyandi; Udhayakumar Parthasarathy; Hemapreethi Surendran; Sandhiya Viswanathan; Mugip Rahaman Abdul Wahab; Gomathy Baskar; Sudhakar Natarajan; Kishu Ranjan

doi:10.1016/j.prp.2023.154673

Implications of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling mechanisms in human cancers

Pathol Res Pract. 2023 Aug:248:154673. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154673. Epub 2023 Jul 4.

Authors

Saran Aravinda Chandrasekar¹, Thirunavukkarasu Palaniyandi², Udhayakumar Parthasarathy³, Hemapreethi Surendran³, Sandhiya Viswanathan³, Mugip Rahaman Abdul Wahab³, Gomathy Baskar³, Sudhakar Natarajan⁴, Kishu Ranjan⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biotechnology, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biomedical, School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), VIT(Vellore Institute of Technology), Vellore 632014, India.
² Department of Biotechnology, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. Electronic address: thirunavukkarasu.ibt@drmgrdu.ac.in.
³ Department of Biotechnology, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
⁴ Department of virology and Biotechnology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India.
⁵ Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven 06520, USA.

PMID: 37453359
DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154673

Abstract

Most essential pattern-recognition receptors regulating innate immune functions are toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are characterized by lack of concurrent epithelial markers and are typically identified by their gene expressions. One major mechanism by which TLRs generate their effector functions is by triggering inflammatory responses. Activation of TLRs can impact initiation, advancement, and control of cancers by regulating the inflammatory microenvironment. Several TLRs have been implicated in human cancers and some of them are identified as cancer biomarkers as well; for example, TLRs 2, 3, 5 are expressed more frequently in most cancers. Knowing the upregulation and downregulation of the TLR genes in human cancers will be useful for the development of newer therapeutic targets which can disrupt the pathways associated with such deregulation. We present here the various TLRs and their functions in human lung, gastric, breast, prostate, oral, ovarian, colorectal, cervical, esophageal, bladder and hepatic cancers.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Cancers; Deregulation; Gene Expression; TLR; Therapy.

Publication types

Review