High-sensitivity cardiac SPECT system design with collimator-less interspaced mosaic-patterned scintillators

Abstract

Purpose: Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an important tool for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Mechanical collimators cause the resolution-sensitivity trade-off in the existing cardiac SPECT systems, which hinders fast cardiac scan capability. In this work, we propose a novel collimator-less cardiac SPECT system with interspaced mosaic-patterned scintillators, aiming to significantly improve sensitivity and reduce scan time without trading-off image resolution.

Methods: We propose to assemble a collimator-less cardiac SPECT with 7 mosaic-patterned detector modules forming a half-ring geometry. The detector module consists of 10 blocks, each of which is assembled with 768 sparsely distributed scintillators with a size of 1.68 mm × 1.68 mm × 20 mm, forming a mosaic pattern in the trans-axial direction. Each scintillator bar contains 5 GAGG(Ce) scintillators and 5 optical-guide elements, forming a mosaic pattern in the axial direction. In the Monte Carlo simulations, the in-plane resolution and axial resolution are evaluated using a hot-rod phantom and 5 disk phantoms, respectively. We simulate a cardiac phantom that is placed in a water-filled cylinder and evaluate the image performance with different data acquisition time. We perform image reconstruction with the expectation-maximization algorithm using system matrices derived from the simulation of a uniform cylindrical source filling the field-of-view (FOV). Besides, a 2-D prototype system is designed to demonstrate the feasibility of the collimator-less imaging concept.

Results: In the simulation system, the sensitivity is 16.31% ± 8.85% in a 180 mm (Φ) × 100 mm (L) FOV. The 6-mm rods in the hot rod phantom and the 5-mm disks in the disk phantom are clearly separable. Satisfactory MPI image quality is achieved in the cardiac phantom study with an acquisition time of 30 s. In prototype experiments, the point sources with an 8 mm center-to-center distance are clearly separable at different positions across the FOV.

Conclusion: The study reveals a promising approach to high-sensitivity SPECT imaging without a heavy-metal collimator. In cardiac imaging, this approach opens the way to a very fast cardiac scan with good resolution. Further works are ongoing to build a practical 3-D imaging system based on the existing design.

Keywords: collimator; mosaic pattern; myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI); single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); system design.