Phosphonium-Based Polyelectrolytes: Preparation, Properties, and Usage in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan; Rolf Hempelmann; Markus Gallei; Tarik Eren

doi:10.3390/polym15132920

Phosphonium-Based Polyelectrolytes: Preparation, Properties, and Usage in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Polymers (Basel). 2023 Jun 30;15(13):2920. doi: 10.3390/polym15132920.

Authors

Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan¹, Rolf Hempelmann², Markus Gallei^{3

4}, Tarik Eren¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Davutpasa Campus, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey.
² Transfercentre Sustainable Electrochemistry, Saarland University and KIST Europe, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
³ Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
⁴ Saarene-Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.

Abstract

Phosphorous is an essential element for the life of organisms, and phosphorus-based compounds have many uses in industry, such as flame retardancy reagents, ingredients in fertilizers, pyrotechnics, etc. Ionic liquids are salts with melting points lower than the boiling point of water. The term "polymerized ionic liquids" (PILs) refers to a class of polyelectrolytes that contain an ionic liquid (IL) species in each monomer repeating unit and are connected by a polymeric backbone to form macromolecular structures. PILs provide a new class of polymeric materials by combining some of the distinctive qualities of ILs in the polymer chain. Ionic liquids have been identified as attractive prospects for a variety of applications due to the high stability (thermal, chemical, and electrochemical) and high mobility of their ions, but their practical applicability is constrained because they lack the benefits of both liquids and solids, suffering from both leakage issues and excessive viscosity. PILs are garnering for developing non-volatile and non-flammable solid electrolytes. In this paper, we provide a brief review of phosphonium-based PILs, including their synthesis route, properties, advantages and drawbacks, and the comparison between nitrogen-based and phosphonium-based PILs. As phosphonium PILs can be used as polymer electrolytes in lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications, the conductivity and the thermo-mechanical properties are the most important features for this polymer electrolyte system. The chemical structure of phosphonium-based PILs that was reported in previous literature has been reviewed and summarized in this article. Generally, the phosphonium PILs that have more flexible backbones exhibit better conductivity values compared to the PILs that consist of a rigid backbone. At the end of this section, future directions for research regarding PILs are discussed, including the use of recyclable phosphorus from waste.

Keywords: energy storage; lithium-ion batteries; phosphonium; polymer electrolyte; polymeric ionic liquid.

Publication types

Review

Grants and funding

M.S.M.M would like to express gratitude to the Türkiye Scholarships (scholarship number: 19MY000187) for the scholarship given. The research has been partially funded by the Yildiz Technical University (Istanbul, Turkey) Scientific Research Projects Coordinator Project No. YTU FCD−2022−4678.