It is particularly important to develop high-performance microwave absorption (MA) materials to remediate the increasingly serious electromagnetic pollution. Recently, titanium dioxide-based (TiO2-based) composites have become a research hotspot owing to their light weight and synergy loss mechanism. In this study, significant research progress in TiO2-based complex-phase microwave absorption materials is reviewed, which involves carbon components, magnetic materials, polymers and so on. First, the research background and limitations of TiO2-based composites are discussed. The design principles for microwave absorption materials are elaborated in the next section. More importantly, TiO2-based complex-phase materials with multi-loss mechanisms are analyzed and summarized in this review. Finally, the conclusions and prospectives are presented, which provide a reference for the understanding of TiO2-based MA materials.