Background: Cardiac fibrosis is a hallmark of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and has confirmed unfavorable clinical significance. Replacement fibrosis is better known and has already been studied on a larger scale, whereas interstitial fibrosis is less explored.
Aims: We aimed to analyze the relationship between serum biomarkers and interstitial fibrosis, as assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in HCM patients.
Methods: We performed 3T CMR scans in 50 HCM patients to assess interstitial fibrosis as expressed by extracellular volume (ECV). In all patients, we determined levels of serum cardiac-specific (troponin T [TnT], N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP]) and fibrosis-specific (procollagen I C-terminal propeptide, procollagen III N-terminal propeptide, transforming growth factor β1, galectin-3) biomarkers. Patients were divided based on their median value of ECV.
Results: The final study population included 49 patients. The median value of ECV in our cohort was 28.1%. Patients stratified according to median ECV differed in terms of several variables: body mass index, late gadolinium extent, NT-proBNP, and galectin-3 levels (all P <0.05). Cardiac biomarkers (TnT and NT-proBNP) and galectin-3 were significantly correlated with ECV (rS = 0.34; P = 0.02; rS = 0.39; P = 0.006; rS = 0.43; P = 0.002, respectively). Galectin-3 and body mass index were found to be independent predictors of ECV (odds ratio [OR], 2.29 [1.07-4.91]; P = 0.03; OR, 0.81 [0.68-0.97]; P = 0.02, respectively).
Conclusions: Galectin-3 was an independent predictor of interstitial fibrosis in HCM patients expressed as elevated ECV values. The other measured fibrosis-specific biomarkers were not useful in detecting interstitial fibrosis in HCM. In addition, there was a positive correlation between classical cardiac biomarkers and interstitial fibrosis in HCM patients.
Keywords: ECV; galectin-3; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; myocardial fibrosis.