Wear resistance of CAD/CAM one-piece screw-retained hybrid-abutment-crowns made from different restorative materials

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this study was to measure the wear progress of three high performance polymers (HPP) materials as well as that of zirconia after artificial aging (simulated 2.5- and 5-year of clinical service with thermo-mechanical loading) and compare it with the well-documented wear of lithium disilicate.

Methods: Forty implants were used to restore a maxillary first premolar, where the abutment and the crown were manufactured as hybrid-abutment-crown and connected to the implant using a titanium insert. The implants were randomly divided, according to the restorative materials used, into five groups: 3Y-TZP zirconia (Z), lithium disilicate (L), ceramic-reinforced polyetheretherketon (P), nano-hybrid composite resin (C) and polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network (E). All hybrid-abutment-crowns were produced using CAD/CAM technology. A design of a maxillary first premolar was created with an angle of 120° between the buccal and palatal cusps, which were designed as planes. The restorations were adhesively luted onto the titanium inserts, according to the manufacturers' recommendations for each material individually, by means of dual-curing luting resin with the exception of group P, where the blocks were pre-fitted (heat-pressed) with an integrated titanium insert. The suprastructures were assembled onto the implants through titanium screws. The screw channels were sealed with Teflon tape and composite resin filling material that was polished to high-gloss. All specimens underwent 1 200 000 thermo-dynamic loading cycles with 49 N in a dual-axis chewing simulator. Elastomeric impressions were made for all specimens after 600 000 and after 1 200 000 cycles. The corresponding impressions were imaged using a laser scanning microscope and then 3D-analyzed using the software (Geomagic Wrap) to measure the volume loss of the wear area for all specimens. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon-Test regarding the two different time measurements for each material. For the analysis of the material variable, Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted followed by Mann-Whitney test.

Results: Group Z showed statistically the lowest volume loss compared to the other test materials, both after 600 000 and 1 200 000 cycles of artificial aging, with a median value of 0.002 mm³ volume loss after 1 200 000 cycles. In contrast, group E showed the highest volume loss with median values of 0.18 and 0.3 mm³ after 600 000 and 1 200 000 cycles, respectively. Artificial aging had significantly negative effect on the volume loss for all test materials. In addition, the choice of material had statistical influence on the outcome.

Conclusion: Monolithic zirconia ceramic demonstrated lower wear than that reported for enamel after simulated 5-year of clinical service, whereas all other test materials showed higher volume loss after artificial aging.

Keywords: all‐ceramics; high performance polymers; implants; implant‐supported restorations; wear resistance.