Mediators of the association between maternal body mass index and breastfeeding duration in 3 international cohorts

Abstract

Background: Maternal obesity has been associated with shorter breastfeeding duration, but little is known about mediating factors explaining this association. It is important to assess these relationships across diverse populations because breastfeeding is culturally patterned.

Objectives: We investigated the association of prepregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) with breastfeeding outcomes and potential mediators of this relationship in 3 culturally diverse international cohorts.

Methods: We analyzed 5120 singleton pregnancies from mother-child cohorts in Spain (INfancia y Medio Ambiente), Greece (Rhea), and the United States (Project Viva). Outcome variables were duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding. A priori hypothesized mediators in the association of maternal prepregnancy BMI with breastfeeding were birthweight (BW), maternal prenatal C-reactive protein (CRP), cesarean delivery, maternal dietary inflammatory index (DII) during pregnancy, gestational age at delivery, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We estimated the association between BMI and breastfeeding duration using linear regression adjusting for confounders. Mediation analysis estimated direct and indirect effects of maternal overweight/obesity on breastfeeding for each mediator.

Results: Women with overweight and obesity had shorter duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding compared with normal-weight women (any: overweight β = -0.79 mo, 95% CI: -1.17, -0.40; obese β = -1.75 mo 95% CI: -2.25, -1.25; exclusive: overweight β = -0.30 mo, 95% CI: -0.42, -0.16; obese β = -0.73 mo, 95% CI: -0.90, -0.55). Significant mediators (% change in effect estimate) of this association were higher CRP (exclusive: 5.12%), cesarean delivery (any: 6.54%; exclusive: 7.69%), and higher DII (any: 6.48%; exclusive: 7.69%). GDM, gestational age, and BW did not mediate the association of maternal weight status with breastfeeding.

Conclusions: Higher prepregnancy BMI is associated with shorter duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding. Maternal dietary inflammation, systemic inflammation, and mode of delivery may be key modifiable mediators of this association. Identification of mediators provides potential targets for interventions to improve breastfeeding outcomes.

Keywords: breastfeeding duration; lactation outcomes; maternal metabolism; maternal obesity.