Physical environment of the operating room during cesarean section: A systematic review

Abstract

Introduction: Environmental factors in the operating room during cesarean sections are likely important for both women/birthing people and their babies but there is currently a lack of rigorous literature about their evaluation. The principal aim of this study was to systematically examine studies published on the physical environment in the obstetrical operating room during c-sections and its impact on mother and neonate outcomes. The secondary objective was to identify the sensors used to investigate the operating room environment during cesarean sections.

Methods: In this literature review, we searched MEDLINE a database using the following keywords: Cesarean section AND (operating room environment OR Noise OR Music OR Video recording OR Light level OR Gentle OR Temperature OR Motion Data). Eligible studies had to be published in English or French within the past 10 years and had to investigate the operating room environment during cesarean sections in women. For each study we reported which aspects of the physical environment were investigated in the OR (i.e., noise, music, movement, light or temperature) and the involved sensors.

Results: Of a total of 105 studies screened, we selected 8 articles from title and abstract in PubMed. This small number shows that the field is poorly investigated. The most evaluated environment factors to date are operating room noise and temperature, and the presence of music. Few studies used advanced sensors in the operating room to evaluate environmental factors in a more nuanced and complete way. Two studies concern the sound level, four concern music, one concerns temperature and one analyzed the number of entrances/exits into the OR. No study analyzed light level or more fine-grained movement data.

Conclusions: Main findings include increase of noise and motion at specific time-points, for example during delivery or anaesthesia; the positive impact of music on parents and staff alike; and that a warmer theatre is better for babies but more uncomfortable for surgeons.

Keywords: Birthing satisfaction; Cesarean-section; Environment; Obstetrics; Operating room; Post-partum depression; Post-traumatic stress disorders.