Activation mechanism and activity of globupain, a thermostable C11 protease from the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge hydrothermal system

Victoria Røyseth; Brianna M Hurysz; Anna-Karina Kaczorowska; Sebastian Dorawa; Anita-Elin Fedøy; Hasan Arsın; Mateus Sá M Serafim; Samuel A Myers; Olesia Werbowy; Tadeusz Kaczorowski; Runar Stokke; Anthony J O'Donoghue; Ida Helene Steen

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1199085

Activation mechanism and activity of globupain, a thermostable C11 protease from the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge hydrothermal system

Front Microbiol. 2023 Jun 19:14:1199085. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1199085. eCollection 2023.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
² Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
³ Collection of Plasmids and Microorganisms | KPD, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
⁴ Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
⁵ Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
⁶ La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.

Abstract

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents offer unique habitats for heat tolerant enzymes with potential new enzymatic properties. Here, we present the novel C11 protease globupain, which was prospected from a metagenome-assembled genome of uncultivated Archaeoglobales sampled from the Soria Moria hydrothermal vent system located on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge. Sequence comparisons against the MEROPS-MPRO database showed that globupain has the highest sequence identity to C11-like proteases present in human gut and intestinal bacteria. Successful recombinant expression in Escherichia coli of the wild-type zymogen and 13 mutant substitution variants allowed assessment of residues involved in maturation and activity of the enzyme. For activation, globupain required the addition of DTT and Ca²⁺. When activated, the 52kDa proenzyme was processed at K₁₃₇ and K₁₄₄ into a 12kDa light- and 32kDa heavy chain heterodimer. A structurally conserved H₁₃₂/C₁₈₅ catalytic dyad was responsible for the proteolytic activity, and the enzyme demonstrated the ability to activate in-trans. Globupain exhibited caseinolytic activity and showed a strong preference for arginine in the P1 position, with Boc-QAR-aminomethylcoumarin (AMC) as the best substrate out of a total of 17 fluorogenic AMC substrates tested. Globupain was thermostable (T_{m activated enzyme} = 94.51°C ± 0.09°C) with optimal activity at 75°C and pH 7.1. Characterization of globupain has expanded our knowledge of the catalytic properties and activation mechanisms of temperature tolerant marine C11 proteases. The unique combination of features such as elevated thermostability, activity at relatively low pH values, and ability to operate under high reducing conditions makes globupain a potential intriguing candidate for use in diverse industrial and biotechnology sectors.

Keywords: clostripain; cysteine peptidase; extracellular enzyme; hydrothermal vent; metagenome bioprospecting.