Progress and promise of alternative animal and non-animal methods in biomedical research

Abstract

Cell culture and invertebrate animal models reflect a significant evolution in scientific research by providing reliable evidence on the physiopathology of diseases, screening for new drugs, and toxicological tests while reducing the need for mammals. In this review, we discuss the progress and promise of alternative animal and non-animal methods in biomedical research, with a special focus on drug toxicity.

Keywords: 3D cell culture; Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina); Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster); Galleria mellonella larvae; Roundworms (Caenorhabditis elegans); Zebrafish.