Measuring thermal spread during bipolar cauterizing using an experimental pneumoperitoneum and thermal sensors

Salvatore Siracusano; Giacomo Marchioro; Dumitru Scutelnic; Matteo Brunelli; Renato Talamini; Antonio Benito Porcaro; Paolo Fiorini; Riccardo Muradore; Claudia Daffara

doi:10.3389/fsurg.2023.1115570

Measuring thermal spread during bipolar cauterizing using an experimental pneumoperitoneum and thermal sensors

Front Surg. 2023 Jun 13:10:1115570. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1115570. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Salvatore Siracusano¹, Giacomo Marchioro², Dumitru Scutelnic², Matteo Brunelli³, Renato Talamini⁴, Antonio Benito Porcaro⁵, Paolo Fiorini², Riccardo Muradore², Claudia Daffara²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
² Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
³ Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
⁴ Consultant Epidemiologist CRO Aviano, Aviano, Italy.
⁵ Department of Urology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.

Abstract

Objective: During nerve-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) bipolar electrocoagulation is often used but its use is controversial for the possible thermal damage of neurovascular bundles. Aim of the study was to evaluate the spatial-temporal thermal distribution in the tissue and the correlation with the electrosurgery-induced tissue damage in a controlled, CO2-rich environment modelling the laparoscopy conditions..

Methods: We manufactured a sealed plexiglass chamber (SPC) equipped with sensors to reproduce experimentally the environmental conditions of pneumoperitoneum during RARP. We evaluated in 64 pig musculofascial tissues (PMTs) of approximately 3 cm³ × 3 cm³ × 2 cm³ the spatial-temporal thermal distribution in the tissue and the correlation with the electrosurgery-induced tissue damage in a controlled CO2-rich environment modeling the laparoscopy conditions. Critical heat spread of bipolar cauterizing during surgical procedure was assessed by the employment of a compact thermal camera (C2) with a small core sensor (60 × 80 microbolometer array in the range 7-14 μm).

Results: Bipolar instruments used at 30 W showed a thermal spread area of 18 mm² when applied for 2 s and 28 mm² when applied for 4 s. At 60 W, bipolar instruments showed a mean thermal spread and 19 mm² when applied for 2 s; and 21 mm² when applied for 4 s. Finally, histopathological analysis showed that thermal damage is distributed predominantly on the surface rather than in depth.

Conclusions: The application of these results is very interesting for the definition of an accurate use of bipolar cautery during nerve-sparing RARP. It demonstrates the feasibility of using miniaturized thermal sensors, thus addressing the potential for next developments regarding the design of thermal endoscopic devices for robotic use.

Keywords: bipolar cauterizing; experimental pneumoperitoneum; infrared endoscopic camera; sealed plexiglass chamber; thermal energy spread.