Systematic review and meta-analysis of tuberculosis in animals in Nigeria

Ibrahim Ahmad; Yakubu Egigogo Raji; Latiffah Hassan; Abdullahi Samaila; Basiru Aliyu; Jakob Zinsstag; Folorunso O Fasina

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17215

Systematic review and meta-analysis of tuberculosis in animals in Nigeria

Heliyon. 2023 Jun 16;9(6):e17215. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17215. eCollection 2023 Jun.

Authors

Ibrahim Ahmad^{1

2}, Yakubu Egigogo Raji³, Latiffah Hassan², Abdullahi Samaila⁴, Basiru Aliyu⁵, Jakob Zinsstag⁶, Folorunso O Fasina^{7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Animal Health and Livestock Development, Gusau, Zamfara, Nigeria.
² Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
³ Department of Pathology, Clinical Microbiology Unit, College of Health Sciences Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria.
⁴ Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina, Nigeria.
⁵ Department of Microbiology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi, Nigeria.
⁶ Human and Animal Health Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
⁷ Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
⁸ Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.

Abstract

Animal tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious and chronic disease caused by mycobacteria belonging to theMycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in domestic and wild animals. MTBC strains infection has been confirmed in many animal species in Nigeria, including captive wildlife, cattle, dromedary camels, goats, and pigs. Despite widespread infection and the potential impact of the disease on public health, active surveillance and control strategies are absent in Nigeria. This study aimed to conduct the first comprehensive meta-analysis to assess the distribution of tuberculosis and analyze the potential moderators of infection in animals in Nigeria. Eligible studies (sixty-one (Cadmus et al., 2014) [61] prevalence and seven (Menzies and Neill, 2000) [7] case reports) were retrieved and included in the analysis. The analyses showed an overall pooled TB prevalence of 7.0% (95% CI: 6.0-8.0) comprising of infection distributed in cattle (8.0%, 95% CI: 7.0-8.0), goats (0.47%, 95% CI: 0-1.2), sheep (0.27%, 95% CI: 0.14-0.46), camels (13.0%, 95% CI: 0-47), and wildlife (13.0%, 95% CI: 9-16) respectively. The occurrence of infection was significantly moderated by the publication periods, geographical location, sample size, and detection methods. TB prevalence was heterogeneous across several predictors, with the year of publication exhibiting a higher rate (46%) of the detected heterogeneity. These findings should provide policy-relevant information to guide the design and establishment of prevention and control measures amenable to the local situations in Nigeria.

Keywords: Animal tuberculosis; Epidemiology; Livestock; Nigeria; Wildlife; meta-Analysis.