Bioaerosols play a significant role in climate change and variation of ecological environment. To investigate characterization of atmospheric bioaerosols, we conducted lidar measurement for observing bioaerosols close to dust sources over northwest China in April, 2014. The developed lidar system can not only allowed us to measure the 32-channel fluorescent spectrum between 343 nm to 526 nm with a spectral resolution of 5.8 nm but also simultaneously detect polarisation measurements at 355 nm and 532 nm, as well as Raman scattering signals at 387 nm and 407 nm. According to the findings, the lidar system was able to pick up the robust fluorescence signal emitted by dust aerosols. Especially the polluted dust, the fluorescence efficiency could reach 0.17. In addition, the efficiency of single-band fluorescence typically rises as the wavelength goes up and the ratio of fluorescence efficiency of polluted dust, dust, air pollutant and background aerosols is about 4:3:8:2. Moreover, our results demonstrate that simultaneous measurements of depolarization at 532 nm and fluorescence could better distinguish fluorescent aerosols than those at 355 nm. This study enhances the ability of laser remote sensing for real-time detecting bioaerosol in the atmosphere.