Deep learning-aided extraction of outer aortic surface from CT angiography scans of patients with Stanford type B aortic dissection

Abstract

Background: Guidelines recommend that aortic dimension measurements in aortic dissection should include the aortic wall. This study aimed to evaluate two-dimensional (2D)- and three-dimensional (3D)-based deep learning approaches for extraction of outer aortic surface in computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans of Stanford type B aortic dissection (TBAD) patients and assess the speed of different whole aorta (WA) segmentation approaches.

Methods: A total of 240 patients diagnosed with TBAD between January 2007 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed for this study; 206 CTA scans from 206 patients with acute, subacute, or chronic TBAD acquired with various scanners in multiple different hospital units were included. Ground truth (GT) WAs for 80 scans were segmented by a radiologist using an open-source software. The remaining 126 GT WAs were generated via semi-automatic segmentation process in which an ensemble of 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) aided the radiologist. Using 136 scans for training, 30 for validation, and 40 for testing, 2D and 3D CNNs were trained to automatically segment WA. Main evaluation metrics for outer surface extraction and segmentation accuracy were normalized surface Dice (NSD) and Dice coefficient score (DCS), respectively.

Results: 2D CNN outperformed 3D CNN in NSD score (0.92 versus 0.90, p = 0.009), and both CNNs had equal DCS (0.96 versus 0.96, p = 0.110). Manual and semi-automatic segmentation times of one CTA scan were approximately 1 and 0.5 h, respectively.

Conclusions: Both CNNs segmented WA with high DCS, but based on NSD, better accuracy may be required before clinical application. CNN-based semi-automatic segmentation methods can expedite the generation of GTs.

Relevance statement: Deep learning can speeds up the creation of ground truth segmentations. CNNs can extract the outer aortic surface in patients with type B aortic dissection.

Key points: • 2D and 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can extract the outer aortic surface accurately. • Equal Dice coefficient score (0.96) was reached with 2D and 3D CNNs. • Deep learning can expedite the creation of ground truth segmentations.

Keywords: Aortic dissection; Computed tomography angiography; Convolutional neural network; Machine learning; Neural networks (computer).