The relationship between the gut-brain-microbiome axis has gained great importance in the study of psychiatric disorders, as it may represent a new target for their treatment. To date, the available literature suggests that the microbiota may influence the pathophysiology of several diseases, including psychosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the clinical and preclinical studies that have evaluated the differences in microbiota as well as the metabolic consequences related to psychosis. Current data suggest that the genera Lactobacillus and Megasphaera are increased in schizophrenia (SZ), as well as alterations in the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle, serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). There are still very few studies on early-onset psychosis, thus more studies are needed to be able to propose targeted therapies for a point when the disease has just started or has not yet progressed.
Keywords: brain-gut-microbiome axis; dysbiosis; first episode of psychosis; microbiome.