Colloidal Gold Immunochromatography and ELISA Traceability of Tetracycline Residues from Raw Milk to its Dairy Products

Abstract

Background/aim: The presence of tetracycline (TC) and its residues in raw milk and milk dairy products poses a threat to human health due to the induction of antibiotic resistance of bacteria that can be transmitted between animals, humans, and the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the transfer of TC from raw milk to different dairy products: pasteurized milk, boiled milk, sour milk, skimmed milk, and cottage cheese. We analyzed samples of milk from different sources: household farmers, local farms, and milk factories.

Materials and methods: The analyses of TC in milk and dairy products were performed using colloidal gold immunochromatography assay (GICA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results: The highest content of TC was found in the milk purchased from local household farmers; therefore, these samples were chosen for the study of TC transfer to dairy products. TC was also found in sour milk at levels comparable with those obtained in raw milk. The average TC content decreased following heat treatment of the milk, as follows: for pasteurized milk 22.07% and for boiled milk 29.35%. The highest concentrations were determined in cottage cheese in the range 200-620 μg/kg.

Conclusion: TC residues are transferred from milk to dairy products in various amounts depending on the preparation conditions, and due to their chemical properties, they accumulate in concentrated derivatives, such as cheese. Therefore, TC can be identified even in cheeses prepared from milk with undetected antibiotic levels.

Keywords: Colloidal gold immunochromatography; ELISA; milk dairy products; tetracycline.