Early assessment of acute kidney injury in severe acute pancreatitis with multimodal DWI: an animal model

Abstract

Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility of multimodal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for detecting the occurrence and severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in rats.

Methods: SAP was induced in thirty rats by the retrograde injection of 5.0% sodium taurocholate through the biliopancreatic duct. Six rats underwent MRI of the kidneys 24 h before and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after this AKI model was generated. Conventional and functional MRI sequences were used, including intravoxel incoherent motion imaging (IVIM), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DTI). The main DWI parameters and histological results were analyzed.

Results: The fast apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the renal cortex was significantly reduced at 2 h, as was the fractional anisotropy (FA) value of the renal cortex on DTI. The mean kurtosis (MK) values for the renal cortex and medulla gradually increased after model generation. The renal histopathological score was negatively correlated with the medullary slow ADC, fast ADC, and perfusion scores for both the renal cortex and medulla, as were the ADC and FA values of the renal medulla in DTI, whereas the MK values of the cortex and medulla were positively correlated (r = 0.733, 0.812). Thus, the cortical fast ADC, medullary MK, FA_DTI, and slow ADC were optimal parameters for diagnosing AKI. Of these parameters, cortical fast ADC had the highest diagnostic efficacy (AUC = 0.950).

Conclusions: The fast ADC of the renal cortex is the core indicator of early AKI, and the medullary MK value might serve as a sensitive biomarker for grading renal injury in SAP rats.

Clinical relevance statement: The multimodal parameters of renal IVIM, DTI, and DKI are potential beneficial for the early diagnosis and severity grading of renal injury in SAP patients.

Key points: • The multimodal parameters of renal DWI, including IVIM, DTI, and DKI, may be valuable for the noninvasive detection of early AKI and the severity grading of renal injury in SAP rats. • Cortical fast ADC, medullary MK, FA, and slow ADC are optimal parameters for early diagnosis of AKI, and cortical fast ADC has the highest diagnostic efficacy. • Medullary fast ADC, MK, and FA as well as cortical MK are useful for predicting the severity grade of AKI, and the renal medullary MK value exhibits the strongest correlation with pathological scores.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury; Feasibility studies; Magnetic resonance imaging; Pancreatitis; Rats.