Objective To explore the overall level,distribution characteristics,and differences in household fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution caused by fuel burning in urban and rural areas in China. Methods The relevant articles published from 1991 to 2021 were retrieved and included in this study.The data including the average concentration of household PM2.5 and urban and rural areas were extracted,and the stoves and fuel types were reclassified.The average concentration of PM2.5 in different areas was calculated and analyzed by nonparametric test. Results The average household PM2.5 concentration in China was (178.81±249.91) μg/m3.The mean household PM2.5 concentration was higher in rural areas than in urban areas[(206.08±279.40) μg/m3 vs. (110.63±131.16) μg/m3;Z=-5.45,P<0.001] and higher in northern areas than in southern areas[(224.27±301.66) μg/m3 vs.(130.11±140.61) μg/m3;Z=-2.38,P=0.017].The north-south difference in household PM2.5 concentration was more significant in rural areas than in urban areas[(324.19±367.94) μg/m3 vs.(141.20±151.05) μg/m3,χ2=-5.06,P<0.001].The PM2.5 pollution level showed differences between urban and rural households using different fuel types (χ2=92.85,P<0.001),stove types (χ2=74.42,P<0.001),and whether they were heating (Z=-4.43,P<0.001).Specifically,rural households mainly used solid fuels (manure,charcoal,coal) and traditional or improved stoves,while urban households mainly used clean fuels (gas) and clean stoves.The PM2.5 concentrations in heated households were higher than those in non-heated households in both rural and urban areas (Z=-4.43,P<0.001). Conclusions The household PM2.5 pollution caused by fuel combustion in China remains a high level.The PM2.5 concentration shows a significant difference between urban and rural households,and the PM2.5 pollution is more serious in rural households.The difference in the household PM2.5 concentration between urban and rural areas is more significant in northern China.PM2.5 pollution in the households using solid fuel,traditional stoves,and heating is serious,and thus targeted measures should be taken to control PM2.5 pollution in these households.
目的 分析我国城市及农村地区因燃料燃烧导致的家庭细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染的总体水平、分布特征及其差异。方法 通过检索并筛选纳入1991至2021年发表的中国家庭PM2.5污染的相关文献,对家庭PM2.5浓度平均值、城乡等数据进行提取,并对炉灶、燃料类型进行重新分类。计算不同区域的家庭PM2.5平均浓度,使用非参数检验进行统计分析。结果 我国家庭PM2.5平均浓度为(178.81±249.91)μg/m3。农村家庭PM2.5平均浓度高于城市[(206.08±279.40)μg/m3比(110.63±131.16)μg/m3;Z=-5.45,P<0.001];北方地区家庭PM2.5平均浓度高于南方[(224.27±301.66)μg/m3比(130.11±140.61)μg/m3;Z=-2.38,P=0.017];农村家庭PM2.5浓度的南北差异较城市更显著[(324.19±367.94)μg/m3比(141.20±151.05)μg/m3,χ2=-5.06,P<0.001]。城乡家庭使用不同燃料类型(χ2=92.85,P<0.001)、炉灶类型(χ2=74.42,P<0.001)以及是否取暖(Z=-4.43,P<0.001)的PM2.5污染水平存在差异,农村家庭主要使用固体燃料(粪便、木炭、煤炭),城市家庭主要使用清洁燃料(气体);农村家庭主要以传统炉灶和改良炉灶为主,城市家庭以清洁炉灶为主;城乡取暖家庭PM2.5浓度高于非取暖家庭(Z=-4.43,P<0.001)。结论 我国家庭燃料燃烧导致的室内PM2.5浓度整体水平仍然较高,城乡地区家庭PM2.5浓度差异显著,农村家庭PM2.5污染较为严重,北方地区家庭PM2.5浓度城乡差异较大。城乡家庭使用固体燃料、传统炉灶及取暖家庭的PM2.5污染严重,应采取更有针对性的方式控制城乡家庭PM2.5污染。.
Keywords: fine particulate matter; household air pollution; rural; urban.