Allosteric Inhibitors of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Interfere with Apoptosis-Inducing Factor (AIF) Co-Localization to Prevent Parthanatos

J Med Chem. 2023 Jul 13;66(13):8767-8781. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00397. Epub 2023 Jun 23.

Abstract

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine and essential signaling protein associated with inflammation and cancers. One of the newly described roles of MIF is binding to apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) that "brings" cells to death in pathological conditions. The interaction between MIF and AIF and their nuclear translocation stands as a central event in parthanatos. However, classical competitive MIF tautomerase inhibitors do not interfere with MIF functions in parthanatos. In this study, we employed a pharmacophore-switch to provide allosteric MIF tautomerase inhibitors that interfere with the MIF/AIF co-localization. Synthesis and screening of a focused compound collection around the 1,2,3-triazole core enabled identification of the allosteric tautomerase MIF inhibitor 6y with low micromolar potency (IC50 = 1.7 ± 0.1 μM). This inhibitor prevented MIF/AIF nuclear translocation and protects cells from parthanatos. These findings indicate that alternative modes to target MIF hold promise to investigate MIF function in parthanatos-mediated diseases.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Apoptosis Inducing Factor
  • Humans
  • Inflammation / metabolism
  • Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / metabolism
  • Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors* / metabolism
  • Parthanatos*

Substances

  • Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors
  • Apoptosis Inducing Factor
  • MIF protein, human
  • Intramolecular Oxidoreductases