Ultrasonic-assisted extraction for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Moroccan Retama sphaerocarpa L. leaves: Simultaneous optimization by response surface methodology and characterization by HPLC/ESI-MS analysis

Aafaf El Baakili; Mouhcine Fadil; Nour Eddine Es-Safi

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17168

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Moroccan Retama sphaerocarpa L. leaves: Simultaneous optimization by response surface methodology and characterization by HPLC/ESI-MS analysis

Heliyon. 2023 Jun 10;9(6):e17168. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17168. eCollection 2023 Jun.

Authors

Aafaf El Baakili¹, Mouhcine Fadil^{1

2}, Nour Eddine Es-Safi¹

Affiliations

¹ Mohammed V University in Rabat, LPCMIO, Materials Science Center (MSC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Rabat, Morocco.
² Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Road of Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco.

Abstract

This study was designed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of Moroccan Retama sphaerocarpa extracts using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design has been conducted to investigate the effects of three factors: extraction period (X₁), solvent concentration (X₂), and solvent-to-material ratio (X₃) on extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoids content (TFC), and antioxidant activity. The obtained results showed that the experimental values agreed with the predicted ones, confirming the capacity of the used model for optimizing the extraction conditions. The best extraction conditions for the simultaneous optimization were an extraction time of 38 min, a solvent concentration of 58%, and a solvent-to-material ratio of 30 mL/g. Under these conditions, the optimized values of yield, TPC, TFC, and DPPH-radical scavenging activity (DPPH_IC50) were 18.91%, 154.09 mg GAE/g, 23.76 mg QE/g, and 122.47 μg/mL, respectively. The further HPLC/ESI-MS analysis of the obtained optimized extract revealed the presence of 14 phenolic compounds with piscidic acid, vitexin, and quinic acid as major compounds. These research findings indicate promising applications for efficiently extracting polyphenolic antioxidants, especially in the food industry.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity; Optimization; Phenolic compounds; Response surface methodology; Retama sphaerocarpa; Ultrasound-assisted extraction.