Health care associated infections, antimicrobial resistance and outcomes in patients admitted to intensive care unit, India: A five-Year retrospective cohort study

Santenna Chenchula; Balakrishnan Sadasivam; Ajay Shukla; Saman Pathan; Saurabh Saigal

doi:10.1177/17571774231161821

Health care associated infections, antimicrobial resistance and outcomes in patients admitted to intensive care unit, India: A five-Year retrospective cohort study

J Infect Prev. 2023 Jul;24(4):159-165. doi: 10.1177/17571774231161821. Epub 2023 Mar 10.

Authors

Santenna Chenchula¹, Balakrishnan Sadasivam¹, Ajay Shukla¹, Saman Pathan¹, Saurabh Saigal²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, India.
² Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, India.

PMID: 37333868
PMCID: PMC10273797 (available on 2024-07-01)
DOI: 10.1177/17571774231161821

Abstract

Background: The present study was conducted to study the prevalence of HAIs in a newly established MICU, common microorganisms causing HAIs and their antibiotic-sensitivity profile, and antimicrobial utilization and mortality rate.

Methods: The present retrospective cohort study was carried out at AIIMS, Bhopal (2015-2019). The prevalence of HAIs was determined; sites of HAIs and common causative microorganisms were identified, and their antibiotic-sensitivity profiles were studied. The group of patients with HAIs was matched with a control group drawn from the pool of patients without HAIs; this matching was done with respect to age, gender, and clinical diagnosis. Antimicrobial utilization, Period of ICU stay, comorbidities and patient mortality rates in the two groups were analyzed. The clinical criteria by the CDC- National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance to diagnose HAIs.

Results: A total of 281 ICU patients' records were analyzed. The mean age was 47.21 ± 19.07 years. Of these 89 were found to have developed ICU-acquired HAIs (Prevalance:32%). Bloodstream infections (33%) and respiratory tract infections (30.68%), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (25.56%), and surgical site infections (6.76%) were the commonest. The most frequently isolated microorganism causing HAIs was K. pneumonia (18%), A. baumannii (14%) and E. coli (12%), 31% isolates of which were multidrug resistant. The average length of ICU stay was high in patients with HAIs (13.85 vs 8.2 days). The most common co-morbidity was type 2 diabetes mellitus (42.86%). Prolonged ICU stays [OR 1.13, (95% CI; 0.04-0.10)] and the presence of HAIs [OR 1.18(95%CI; (0.03-0.15)] were associated with an increased risk of mortality.

Conclusions: An increased prevalence of HAIs essentially bloodstream infections and respiratory infections with MDR organisms to antimicrobials in the watch group is highly considerable. Acquisition of HAIs with MDR organisms and increased length of hospital stay are considerable risk factors for increased mortality in ICU-admitted patients. Regular antimicrobial stewardship activities and revising existing hospital infection control policies accordingly may reduce HAIs.

Keywords: Intensive care unit; Nosocomial infections; antimicrobial resistance; hospital aquired infection; respiratory tract infections.