Efficient lithium extraction using redox-active Prussian blue nanoparticles-anchored activated carbon intercalation electrodes via membrane capacitive deionization

Muruganantham Rethinasabapathy; Gokul Bhaskaran; Seung-Kyu Hwang; Taegong Ryu; Yun Suk Huh

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139256

Efficient lithium extraction using redox-active Prussian blue nanoparticles-anchored activated carbon intercalation electrodes via membrane capacitive deionization

Chemosphere. 2023 Sep:336:139256. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139256. Epub 2023 Jun 16.

Authors

Muruganantham Rethinasabapathy¹, Gokul Bhaskaran¹, Seung-Kyu Hwang¹, Taegong Ryu², Yun Suk Huh³

Affiliations

¹ NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
² Resources Utilization Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: tgryu@kigam.re.kr.
³ NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yunsuk.huh@inha.ac.kr.

PMID: 37331664
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139256

Abstract

Global demand for lithium (Li) resources has dramatically increased due to the demand for clean energy, especially the large-scale usage of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is an energy and cost-efficient electrochemical technology at the forefront of Li extraction from natural resources such as brine and seawater. In this study, we designed high-performance MCDI electrodes by compositing Li⁺ intercalation redox-active Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles with highly conductive porous activated carbon (AC) matrix for the selective extraction of Li⁺. Herein, we prepared a series of PB-anchored AC composites (AC/PB) containing different percentages (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) of PB by weight (AC/PB-20%, AC/PB-40%, AC/PB-60%, and AC/PB-80%, respectively). The AC/PB-20% electrode with uniformly anchored PB nanoparticles over AC matrix enhanced the number of active sites for electrochemical reaction, promoted electron/ion transport paths, and facilitated abundant channels for the reversible insertion/de-insertion of Li⁺ by PB, which resulted in stronger current response, higher specific capacitance (159 F g^-1), and reduced interfacial resistance for the transport of Li⁺ and electrons. An asymmetric MCDI cell assembled with AC/PB-20% as cathode and AC as anode (AC//AC-PB20%) displayed outstanding Li⁺ electrosorption capacity of 24.42 mg g^-1 and a mean salt removal rate of 2.71 mg g min^-1 in 5 mM LiCl aqueous solution at 1.4 V with high cyclic stability. After 50 electrosorption-desorption cycles, 95.11% of the initial electrosorption capacity was retained, reflecting its good electrochemical stability. The described strategy demonstrates the potential benefits of compositing intercalation pseudo capacitive redox material with Faradaic materials for the design of advanced MCDI electrodes for real-life Li⁺ extraction applications.

Keywords: Activated carbon; Desalination; Electrosorption; Intercalation; Lithium extraction; Membrane capacitive deionization; Prussian blue.

MeSH terms

Charcoal* / chemistry
Electrodes
Lithium*
Oxidation-Reduction

Substances

Charcoal
ferric ferrocyanide
Lithium