Relationship Between Plasma Aldosterone Concentrations and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Diagnosis in Patients with Hypertension: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Junli Hu; Xintian Cai; Qing Zhu; Mulalibieke Heizhati; Wen Wen; Qin Luo; Jing Hong; Yujie Dang; Wenbo Yang; Nanfang Li

doi:10.2147/DMSO.S408722

Relationship Between Plasma Aldosterone Concentrations and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Diagnosis in Patients with Hypertension: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023 Jun 6:16:1625-1636. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S408722. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Junli Hu^#^{1

2

3

4

5}, Xintian Cai^#^{1

2

3

4

5

6}, Qing Zhu^{1

2

3

4

5

6}, Mulalibieke Heizhati^{1

2

3

4

5}, Wen Wen^{1

2

3

4

5

6}, Qin Luo^{1

2

3

4

5}, Jing Hong^{1

2

3

4

5}, Yujie Dang^{1

2

3

4

5

6}, Wenbo Yang^{1

2

3

4

5}, Nanfang Li^{1

2

3

4

5}

Affiliations

¹ Hypertension Center, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
² Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
³ NHC Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
⁴ Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
⁵ Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
⁶ Graduate School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China.

^# Contributed equally.

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the association between plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) diagnosis in Chinese hypertensive patients.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of all patients diagnosed with hypertension between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2021. We included 3713 hypertensive patients based on the criteria for inclusion and exclusion. PAC measurement was performed using a radioimmunoassay. NAFLD was diagnosed using abdominal ultrasonography. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for univariable and multivariable models. A generalized additive model was used to identify nonlinear relationships between PAC and NAFLD diagnosis.

Results: A total of 3713 participants were included in the analysis. Over a median follow-up of 30 months, 1572 hypertensive individuals developed new-onset NAFLD. When PAC was used as a continuous variable, the risk of NAFLD increased by 1.04 and 1.24-fold for each 1 ng/dL and 5 ng/dL increase in PAC, respectively. When PAC was considered a categorical variable, the HR for tertile 3 was 1.71 (95% CI, 1.47-1.98, P < 0.001) compared to tertile 1. Overall, there was a J-shaped relationship between PAC and new-onset NAFLD. By fitting a two-piecewise linear regression model and using a recursive algorithm, we identified a PAC inflection point at 13 ng/dL (log-likelihood ratio test, P = 0.005). In adjusted model 3, for PAC ≥ 13 ng/dL, a 5 ng/dL increase in PAC was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of new-onset NAFLD (95% CI, 1.25-1.35, P < 0.001).

Conclusion: The study revealed a non-linear relationship between elevated PAC levels and the incidence of NAFLD in hypertensive patients. Notably, the risk of new-onset NAFLD was significantly increased when PAC levels were ≥13 ng/dL. Larger, prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

Keywords: cohort study; hypertension; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; plasma aldosterone concentration.

Grants and funding

Funding for this study was provided by the Major Science and Technology Projects of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2022A03012-4).