Estimating ground-level PM2.5 using subset regression model and machine learning algorithms in Asian megacity, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam; Mohammed Al Awadh; Javed Mallick; Subodh Chandra Pal; Rabin Chakraborty; Md Abdul Fattah; Bonosri Ghose; Most Kulsuma Akther Kakoli; Md Aminul Islam; Hasan Raja Naqvi; Muhammad Bilal; Ahmed Elbeltagi

doi:10.1007/s11869-023-01329-w

Estimating ground-level PM_2.5 using subset regression model and machine learning algorithms in Asian megacity, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Air Qual Atmos Health. 2023;16(6):1117-1139. doi: 10.1007/s11869-023-01329-w. Epub 2023 Feb 25.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Rangpur, 5400 Bangladesh.
² Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421 Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Civil Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India.
⁵ Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh.
⁶ Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India.
⁷ School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 45003 China.
⁸ Agricultural Engineering Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt.

Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) has become a prominent pollutant due to rapid economic development, urbanization, industrialization, and transport activities, which has serious adverse effects on human health and the environment. Many studies have employed traditional statistical models and remote-sensing technologies to estimate PM_2.5 concentrations. However, statistical models have shown inconsistency in PM_2.5 concentration predictions, while machine learning algorithms have excellent predictive capacity, but little research has been done on the complementary advantages of diverse approaches. The present study proposed the best subset regression model and machine learning approaches, including random tree, additive regression, reduced error pruning tree, and random subspace, to estimate the ground-level PM_2.5 concentrations over Dhaka. This study used advanced machine learning algorithms to measure the effects of meteorological factors and air pollutants (NO_X, SO₂, CO, and O₃) on the dynamics of PM_2.5 in Dhaka from 2012 to 2020. Results showed that the best subset regression model was well-performed for forecasting PM_2.5 concentrations for all sites based on the integration of precipitation, relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, SO₂, NO_X, and O₃. Precipitation, relative humidity, and temperature have negative correlations with PM_2.5. The concentration levels of pollutants are much higher at the beginning and end of the year. Random subspace is the optimal model for estimating PM_2.5 because it has the least statistical error metrics compared to other models. This study suggests ensemble learning models to estimate PM_2.5 concentrations. This study will help quantify ground-level PM_2.5 concentration exposure and recommend regional government actions to prevent and regulate PM_2.5 air pollution.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-023-01329-w.

Keywords: Air quality management; Machine learning; Meteorological factors; PM2.5 dynamics; Subset regression model.

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