Translation and Validation of the Gaming Disorder Test and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents into Chinese for Taiwanese Young Adults

Tzu-Yi Wu; Shih-Wei Huang; Jung-Sheng Chen; Ruckwongpatr Kamolthip; Shikha Kukreti; Carol Strong; Halley M Pontes; I-Ching Lin; Chung-Ying Lin; Marc N Potenza; Amir H Pakpour

doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152396

Translation and Validation of the Gaming Disorder Test and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents into Chinese for Taiwanese Young Adults

Compr Psychiatry. 2023 Jul:124:152396. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152396. Epub 2023 May 30.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
² Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 83347, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan. Electronic address: envhero@gcloud.csu.edu.tw.
³ Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
⁴ Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan.
⁵ Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan.
⁶ Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: contactme@halleypontes.com.
⁷ Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Leisure, Chienkuo Technology University, Changhua 50094, Taiwan. Electronic address: D52282@auh.org.tw.
⁸ Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan; Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan. Electronic address: cylin36933@gmail.com.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: marc.potenza@yale.edu.
¹⁰ Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden. Electronic address: Amir.Pakpour@ju.se.

PMID: 37295061
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152396

Abstract

Purpose: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A) for use in Taiwan and to validate their internal consistency, construct validity, measurement invariance, and convergent validity in Taiwanese young adults.

Methods: The GDT and GADIS-A were translated into traditional (unsimplified) Chinese characters and culturally adapted according to standard guidelines. A sample of 608 Taiwanese university students were recruited online. All participants completed the GDT, GADIS-A, Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Short Form (IGDS9-SF), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω. Factor structure was examined using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Measurement invariance in gender was assessed by three nested models in CFA. Convergent validity was determined by calculating Pearson's r among the GDT, GADIS-A, IGDS9-SF, and DASS-21.

Results: The GDT and GADIS-A showed adequate internal consistency (both α and ω = 0.90). The CFA results supported a one-factor structure for the GDT and a two-factor structure for the GADIS-A. Measurement invariance across gender was supported for both the GDT and GADIS-A. The convergent validity of the GDT and GADIS-A were acceptable.

Conclusions: The Chinese versions of the GDT and GADIS-A are valid and reliable tools that can be used to assess gaming disorder in Taiwanese young adults. Measurement invariance across genders was supported for both tools. The convergent validity of the GDT and GADIS-A were also satisfactory.

Keywords: GADIS-A; GDT; Gaming disorder; Validation; Young adults.

MeSH terms

Adolescent
Behavior, Addictive* / diagnosis
Behavior, Addictive* / epidemiology
Female
Humans
Male
Psychometrics
Reproducibility of Results
Translations
Video Games*
Young Adult