Psychometric properties and development of the Chinese versions of Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A)

I-Hua Chen; Yen-Ling Chang; Yung-Ning Yang; Ya-Chin Yeh; Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu; Samuel Adjorlolo; Carol Strong; Yi-Ping Hsieh; Po-Ching Huang; Halley M Pontes; Mark D Griffiths; Chung-Ying Lin

doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103638

Psychometric properties and development of the Chinese versions of Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A)

Asian J Psychiatr. 2023 Aug:86:103638. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103638. Epub 2023 May 22.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Chinese Academy of Education Big Data, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Rd., Qufu 273165, China.
² Department of Family Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, No. 362, Zhongzheng Rd., Xindian Dist., New Taipei 231403, Taiwan.
³ Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁴ Department of Occupational Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, 452, Huanqiu Rd., Luzhu Dist., Kaohsiung 821004, Taiwan.
⁵ Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd., Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
⁶ Department of Mental Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Legon., Accra, Ghana.
⁷ Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., East Dist, Tainan 701401, Taiwan.
⁸ Department of Social Work, College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, 225 Centennial Dr Stop 7135, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
⁹ Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., East Dist, Tainan 701401, Taiwan.
¹⁰ Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
¹¹ International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom.
¹² Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., East Dist, Tainan 701401, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., East Dist, Tainan 701401, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., East Dist., Tainan 701401, Taiwan; Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., East Dist, Tainan 701401, Taiwan. Electronic address: cylin36933@gmail.com.

PMID: 37285663
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103638

Abstract

Currently, six instruments have been developed using the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) criteria for Gaming Disorder (GD). Two of these are the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A). The present study validated both the GDT and GADIS-A among a large sample of Chinese emerging adults. Via an online survey, 3381 participants (56.6% females; mean age = 19.56 years) completed the Chinese versions of the GDT, GADIS-A, Internet Gaming Disorder-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), and Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factor structure of the Chinese GDT and GADIS-A. Pearson correlations were computed to examine the convergent validity (with IGDS9-SF) and divergent validity (with BSMAS) of the Chinese GDT and Chinese GADIS-A. The GDT had a unidimensional structure, which was invariant across sex and disordered gaming severity subgroups. The GADIS-A had a two-factor structure, which was also invariant across gender and gaming severity subgroups. Both the GDT and GADIS-A had significant associations with both IGDS9-SF and with BSMAS. Both the Chinese GDT and GADIS-A are valid instruments to assess GD among emerging adults in mainland China, enabling healthcare providers to adopt these tools in their efforts to prevent and examine GD severity among Chinese youth.

Keywords: Emerging adults; Gaming; Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents; Gaming Disorder Test; Gaming disorder; Internet; Psychometrics.

MeSH terms

Adolescent
Adult
Behavior, Addictive* / diagnosis
China
Female
Games, Recreational*
Humans
Internet Addiction Disorder
Language
Male
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales*
Psychometrics
Video Games
Young Adult