Renal calculus is a common disease with complex etiology and high recurrence rate. Recent studies have revealed that gene mutations may lead to metabolic defects which are associated with the formation of renal calculus, and single gene mutation is involved in relative high proportion of renal calculus. Gene mutations cause changes in enzyme function, metabolic pathway, ion transport, and receptor sensitivity, causing defects in oxalic acid metabolism, cystine metabolism, calcium ion metabolism, or purine metabolism, which may lead to the formation of renal calculus. The hereditary conditions associated with renal calculus include primary hyperoxaluria, cystinuria, Dent disease, familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis, Bartter syndrome, primary distal renal tubular acidosis, infant hypercalcemia, hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, and hereditary xanthinuria. This article reviews the research progress on renal calculus associated with inborn error of metabolism, to provide reference for early screening, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and recurrence of renal calculus.
肾结石是一种病因复杂且易复发的常见疾病。人类基因组关联性研究发现多种基因突变导致的代谢缺陷与结石形成有关，其中单基因病例占比较高。基因突变引起酶功能、代谢通路、离子转运、受体敏感性等改变，导致草酸代谢、胱氨酸代谢、钙离子代谢、嘌呤代谢等缺陷，易产生遗传性肾结石。如原发性高草酸尿症、胱氨酸尿症、登特病、家族性低镁血症合并高钙尿和肾钙盐沉着症、巴特综合征、原发性远端肾小管酸中毒、婴儿高钙血症、遗传性低磷性佝偻病伴高钙尿症、腺嘌呤磷酸核糖基转移酶缺乏症、次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖基转移酶缺乏症、遗传性黄嘌呤尿症等都与遗传性肾结石相关。本文就遗传性代谢缺陷所致肾结石的研究进展进行回顾，增加对草酸代谢、胱氨酸代谢、钙离子代谢、嘌呤代谢等缺陷致肾结石的认知，以便早期筛查、诊治及预防复发。.
Keywords: Gene; Inborn error of metabolism; Renal calculus; Review.