Case report: training neck and head control in children with chronic paralysis due to acute flaccid myelitis

Abstract

Background: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) occurs rarely in children and adolescents when damage to spinal motor neurons rapidly causes flaccid paralysis of limb, trunk, and neck muscles and potentially respiratory failure. When neck muscles are weakened or paralyzed, a child loses head control, severely compromising engagement with their environment. Compensation for lack of head control is achieved with external support devices attached to a wheelchair, but there is no indication in the AFM literature of therapeutic efforts to restore head control. In this case series, we explore the possibility of the recovery of head control when children with AFM received activity-based restorative therapies (ABRTs) guided by principles targeting motor control.

Case description: Three children, two male and one female, aged 6, 9, and 7, with a history of AFM-onset at 5, 7, and 4 years respectively, enrolled in an activity-based restorative therapies outpatient program targeting activation of the neuromuscular system below the lesion. Each of them lacked head control, was either ventilator-dependent or had a tracheostomy, and was a power wheelchair user via hand/foot control.

Methods: Activity-based restorative therapies were provided 5 days/week: 1.5 h of activity-based locomotor training and 1.5 h of activity-based neuromuscular electrical stimulation.

Results: An approach to addressing head/neck control developed iteratively across disciplines, from complete compensation with passive external head support to emerging head control during diverse tasks, e.g., sitting, reaching, driving a power chair, sit-to-stand, standing, stepping on a treadmill, and walking. Key principles identified and employed were (a) passive facilitation, (b) external head support, (c) posterior head support, (d) graded manual facilitation, and (e) independent head control.

Discussion: The recovery of head control in children with paralysis due to AFM may be accelerated when executing a step-wise progression to effectively target and challenge head control in parallel with activity-based restorative therapies. In treating three children with a chronic lack of head control, a therapeutic strategy was iteratively developed guided by scientific principles, e.g., segmental assessment of control, to promote recovery of head control. While this strategy is encouraging, gaps in sensitive and responsive measurement instruments and treatment technologies persist in guiding assistance, challenging, and promoting independent head control.

Keywords: activity based restorative therapy; acute flaccid myelitis; case series; head and neck control; spinal cord injury.