Direct hemoperfusion with the CytoSorb® adsorbent has experienced widespread use in several critical care settings including sepsis and multiorgan failure. The reported conditions of clinical usage and resulting outcomes vary considerably. The aim of the study was to provide an overview on current treatment recommendations based on the available clinical evidence. We performed a literature analysis using PubMed/MEDLINE and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify clinical data describing parameters of clinical usage of CytoSorb® in patients with septic shock (inclusion and exclusion criteria, starting, and dosing of treatment) and their impact on outcome. The literature search terms <CytoSorb and sepsis> yielded 146 entries in September 2022, including clinical case reports, case series, and controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials. Five recommendations were identified linking usage parameters with improved outcome. These were (a) early start of treatment within 12-24 h after onset of septic shock, (b) individualized patient selection (preferably with higher severity scores, procalcitonin >3 ng/mL, serum interleukin 6 >500 pg/mL), (c) exclusion of patients with lactate ≥6 mmol/L or platelets <100 GPT/L, (d) intense treatment (>6 L of blood/kg body weight), and (e) early change of the adsorbent (e.g., every 12 h). Moreover, there is a rationale suggesting therapeutic drug monitoring when possible, avoidance of drug application at the beginning of treatment, and/or usage of increased dosages of antibiotics. However, for the later recommendations, no links to clinical outcome were reported yet. All recommendations are based on the best available knowledge. They need confirmation in future clinical investigations. Currently available clinical data on the use of CytoSorb® in septic patients suggest that early and intense treatment in carefully chosen patients increases the chance of survival. The analysis can inform current clinical practice and future clinical trials.
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