Investigation of incidence and geographic distribution of gliomas in Canada from 1992 to 2010: a national population-based study highlighting the importance of exposure to airport operations

Xinyu Ji; Akram Alakel; Feras M Ghazawi; Matthew Tsang; Andrei Zubarev; Oliver J Lasry; Ivan V Litvinov

doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1190366

Investigation of incidence and geographic distribution of gliomas in Canada from 1992 to 2010: a national population-based study highlighting the importance of exposure to airport operations

Front Oncol. 2023 May 16:13:1190366. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1190366. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Xinyu Ji¹, Akram Alakel², Feras M Ghazawi³, Matthew Tsang⁴, Andrei Zubarev⁵, Oliver J Lasry⁶, Ivan V Litvinov^{5

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Affiliations

¹ Department Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
² Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
³ Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
⁴ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
⁵ Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
⁷ Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
⁸ Cancer Research Program, Research-Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Abstract

Background: Gliomas account for over two-thirds of all malignant brain tumors and have few established risk factors beyond family history and exposure to ionizing radiation. Importantly, recent studies highlighted the exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) as a putative risk factor for malignant brain tumors.

Methods: Clinical and geographic data encompassing all provinces and territories from 1992 to 2010 was obtained from the Canadian Cancer Registry and Le Registre Québécois du Cancer. Linear regression and joinpoint analyses were performed to assess incidence trends. Significantly higher and lower incidence postal codes were then interrogated using Standard Industrial Classification codes to detect significant industrial activity.

Results: In Canada, between 1992 and 2010, there were ~32,360 cases of glioma. Of these, 17,115 (52.9%) were glioblastoma. The overall crude incidence rates of 5.45 and 2.87 cases per 100,000 individuals per year for gliomas and glioblastomas, respectively, were identified. Our findings further revealed increasing crude incidence of gliomas/glioblastomas over time. A male predominance was observed. Provinces leading in glioma incidence included Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Significantly lower crude incidence of glioma was found in Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Ontario, and Alberta. A putative regional clustering of gliomas was observed, with higher incidence rates in postal code areas correlating with industrial activity related to airport operations.

Conclusion: This study describes the geographic distribution of the glioma disease burden and, potentially, identifies industrial activity related to airport operations as potentially being associated with higher incidence of this cancer.

Keywords: airport operations; epidemiology; glioblastoma; glioma; public health; ultrafine particles (UFPs).

Grants and funding

This research was supported by the Mach-Gaensslen Foundation of Canada. We also thank our colleagues from the Centre inter universitaire québécois de la statistique sociale (CIQSS) who provided insight and expertise in data extraction that greatly assisted the research.