Are plant-based alternatives healthier? A two-dimensional evaluation from nutritional and processing standpoints

Sara de Las Heras-Delgado; Sangeetha Shyam; Èrica Cunillera; Natalia Dragusan; Jordi Salas-Salvadó; Nancy Babio

doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112857

Are plant-based alternatives healthier? A two-dimensional evaluation from nutritional and processing standpoints

Food Res Int. 2023 Jul:169:112857. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112857. Epub 2023 Apr 19.

Authors

Sara de Las Heras-Delgado¹, Sangeetha Shyam², Èrica Cunillera³, Natalia Dragusan³, Jordi Salas-Salvadó⁴, Nancy Babio⁵

Affiliations

¹ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Reus, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.
² Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Reus, Spain; Centre for Translational Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
³ Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Reus, Spain.
⁴ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Reus, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain. Electronic address: jordi.salas@urv.cat.
⁵ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Reus, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain. Electronic address: nancy.babio@urv.cat.

PMID: 37254431
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112857

Abstract

Background: Plant-Based Alternative Products (PBAPs) to meat and dairy are increasingly available. Their relative nutritional quality in comparison to animal-based homologs is poorly documented.

Objective: To characterize and evaluate the plant-based alternatives available on the market in Spain in comparison to animal products in terms of their nutritional composition and profile, and degree of processing.

Methods: Nutritional information for PBAPs and homologs were obtained from the Spanish 'Veggie base', branded food composition database. Five PBAPs categories (cheese, dairy products, eggs, meat, and fish, n = 922) were compared to animal-based processed (n = 922) and unprocessed (n = 381) homologs, using the modified version of the Food Standard Agency Nutrient Profiling System (FSAm-NPS score) and NOVA classification criteria.

Results: Compared to processed or unprocessed animal food, PBAPs contain significantly higher sugar, salt, and fiber. PBAPs for fish, seafood, and meat were lower in protein and saturated fatty acids. Overall, 68% of PBAPs, 43% of processed and 75% of unprocessed animal-homologs had Nutri-Score ratings of A or B (most healthy). About 17% of PBAPs, 35% of processed and 13% of unprocessed animal-based food were in Nutri-Score categories D or E (least healthy). Dairy, fish, and meat alternatives had lower FSAm-NPS scores (most healthy), while cheese alternatives scored higher (least healthy) than animal-based homologs. Unprocessed fish and meat were healthier than similar PBAPs based on FSAm-NPS criteria. Approximately 37% of PBAPs and 72% of processed animal-based products were ultra-processed food (NOVA group 4). Within the ultra-processed food group, Nutri-Score varied widely.

Conclusions: Most PBAPs had better nutrient profile than animal-based homologs. However, cheese, fish and meats PBAPs had poorer nutrient profile and were more processed. Given the high degree of processing and variable nutritional profile, PBAPs require a multi-dimensional evaluation of their health impact.

Keywords: Dairy products; Meat; NOVA criteria; Nutri-Score; Nutritional analysis; Nutritional profile; Plant-based; Vegan food and alternatives.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Animals
Dairy Products
Eggs*
Food Labeling
Food Preferences
Meat*