Creation of Three-Dimensional Anatomical Vascular and Biliary Models for the Study of the Feline Liver (Felis silvestris catus L.): A Comparative CT, Volume Rendering (Vr), Cast and 3D Printing Study

Daniel Rojo Ríos; Gregorio Ramírez Zarzosa; Marta Soler Laguía; David Kilroy; Francisco Martínez Gomariz; Cayetano Sánchez Collado; Francisco Gil Cano; María I García García; José Raduán Jáber; Alberto Arencibia Espinosa

doi:10.3390/ani13101573

Creation of Three-Dimensional Anatomical Vascular and Biliary Models for the Study of the Feline Liver (Felis silvestris catus L.): A Comparative CT, Volume Rendering (Vr), Cast and 3D Printing Study

Animals (Basel). 2023 May 9;13(10):1573. doi: 10.3390/ani13101573.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
² Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
³ Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland.
⁴ Support Research Service SACE-ACTI, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
⁵ Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Las Palmas, Spain.

Abstract

In this study, six adult feline cadavers were examined using CTA, 3D printing, and casts injected with epoxy. The aorta, the portal vein, and the gallbladder of 3 feline cadavers were separately injected with a 50% mixture of colored vulcanized latex and hydrated barium sulfate as contrast medium to analyze by CT the arterial, venous and biliary systems. The other three cadavers were injected with a mixture of epoxy resin in the aorta, gallbladder and hepatic veins, separately. After the corrosion and washing process, hepatic vascular and biliary casts were obtained. The images obtained by CT showed the vascular and biliary system using a soft tissue window. For the identification of vascular and biliary structures, the 3D prints together with the 3D reconstructions were analyzed, and the results were compared with the casts obtained with epoxy resin. Each of the arterial, venous and biliary branches associated with each of the liver lobes were identified with the help of the printings. In conclusion, the creation of 3D prototypes of nonpathological feline hepatic parenchyma can be used in the veterinary clinic as a basis for the detection of pathological problems in addition to obtaining future pathological hepatic 3D models.

Keywords: 3D printing; CTA; liver vascular anatomy; volume rendering.

Grants and funding

CTA acquisitions were financed by Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, and Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, Spain.