Electrogenerated oxychlorides induced overlooked negative effects on electro-oxidation wastewater treatment in terms of over-evaluated COD removal efficiency and biotoxicity

Huiji Xiao; Fengqi Xu; Jinghua Chen; Yongjie Hao; Yu Guo; Chaosheng Zhu; Siyi Luo; Bo Jiang

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131667

Electrogenerated oxychlorides induced overlooked negative effects on electro-oxidation wastewater treatment in terms of over-evaluated COD removal efficiency and biotoxicity

J Hazard Mater. 2023 Aug 15:456:131667. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131667. Epub 2023 May 19.

Authors

Huiji Xiao¹, Fengqi Xu², Jinghua Chen¹, Yongjie Hao¹, Yu Guo², Chaosheng Zhu³, Siyi Luo¹, Bo Jiang⁴

Affiliations

¹ School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China.
² SunRui Marine Environment Engineering Company Ltd, Qingdao 266033, PR China.
³ School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, PR China.
⁴ School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China. Electronic address: bjiang86upc@163.com.

PMID: 37236107
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131667

Abstract

The high-efficiency and environmentally-friendly electro-oxidation (EO) would lose its competitive edge because of the production of oxychloride by-products (ClO_x^-), which has not yet drawn significant attention in academic and engineering communities. In this study, the negative effects of the electrogenerated ClO_x^- were compared among four commonly used anode materials (BDD, Ti₄O₇, PbO₂ and Ru-IrO₂) in terms of ClO_x^- interference on the evaluation of electrochemical COD removal performance and biotoxicity. Apparently, the COD removal performance of various EO systems were highly enhanced with increasing current density in the presence of Cl^-, e.g., the amounts of COD removed by various EO systems from the phenol solution with an initial COD content of 280 mg L^-1 at 40 mA cm^-2 within 120 min decreased in the order: Ti₄O₇ of 265 mg L^-1 > BDD of 257 mg L^-1 > PbO₂ of 202 mg L^-1 > Ru-IrO₂ of 118 mg L^-1, which was different from the case with the absence of Cl^- (BDD of 200 mg L^-1 > Ti₄O₇ of 112 mg L^-1 > PbO₂ of ¹08 mg L^-1 > Ru-IrO₂ of 80 mg L^-1) and the results after removing ClO_x^- by anoxic sulfite-based method (BDD of 205 mg L^-1 > Ti₄O₇ of 160 mg L^-1 > PbO₂ of 153 mg L^-1 > Ru-IrO₂ of 99 mg L^-1). These results can be ascribed to the ClO_x^- interference on COD evaluation, the extent of which decreased in the order: ClO₃^- > ClO^- (where ClO₄^- cannot impact COD test). The highest overrated electrochemical COD removal performance of Ti₄O₇ may be associated with its relatively high production of ClO₃^- and the low mineralization extent. The chlorella inhibition ratio of ClO_x^- decreased in the order: ClO^- > ClO₃^- >> ClO₄^-, which accounted for the biotoxicity increasement of the treated water (PbO₂ 68%, Ti₄O₇ 56%^, BDD 53%, Ru-IrO₂ 25%). Generally, the inevitable problems of overrated electrochemical COD removal performance and biotoxicity increasement induced by ClO_x^- should deserve significant attention and effective countermeasures should be also developed when employing EO process for wastewater treatment.

Keywords: Biotoxicity tests; Electrochemical oxidation; Over-evaluated COD removal; Oxychlorides; Sulfite reduction.