Effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes among younger and older women and its additive interaction with advanced maternal age

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 May 10:14:1158969. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1158969. eCollection 2023.

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and advanced maternal age (AMA, ≥ 35 years) has shown an increasing trend worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of pregnancy outcomes among younger (20-34 years) and older (≥ 35 years) women with GDM and further analyze the epidemiologic interaction of GDM and AMA on these outcomes.

Methods: This historical cohort study included 105 683 singleton pregnant women aged 20 years or older between January 2012 and December 2015 in China. Stratified by maternal age, the associations between GDM and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed by performing logistic regression. Epidemiologic interactions were assessed by using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and synergy index (SI) with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs).

Results: Among younger women, individuals with GDM had a higher risk of all maternal outcomes, preterm birth (relative risk [RR] 1.67, 95%CI 1.50-1.85), low birthweight (RR 1.24, 95%CI 1.09-1.41), large for gestational age (RR 1.51, 95%CI 1.40-1.63), macrosomia (RR 1.54, 95%CI 1.31-1.79), and fetal distress (RR 1.56, 95%CI 1.37-1.77) than those without GDM. Among older women, GDM increased the risk of gestational hypertension (RR 2.17, 95%CI 1.65-2.83), preeclampsia (RR 2.30, 95%CI 1.81-2.93), polyhydramnios (RR 3.46, 95%CI 2.01-5.96), cesarean delivery (RR 1.18, 95%CI 1.10-1.25), preterm birth (RR 1.35, 95%CI 1.14-1.60), large for gestational age (RR 1.40, 95%CI 1.23-1.60), macrosomia (RR 1.65, 95%CI 1.28-2.14) and fetal distress (RR 1.46, 95%CI 1.12-1.90). Additive interactions of GDM and AMA on polyhydramnios and preeclampsia were found, with RERI of 3.11 (95%CI 0.05-6.16) and 1.43 (95%CI 0.09-2.77), AP of 0.51 (95%CI 0.22-0.80) and 0.27 (95%CI 0.07-0.46), and SI of 2.59 (95%CI 1.17-5.77) and 1.49 (95%CI 1.07-2.07), respectively.

Conclusion: GDM is an independent risk factor for multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes, and may exert additive interactions with AMA on the risk of polyhydramnios and preeclampsia.

Keywords: additive interaction; advanced maternal age; gestational diabetes mellitus; polyhydramnios; preeclampsia; pregnancy outcomes.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Cohort Studies
  • Diabetes, Gestational* / epidemiology
  • Female
  • Fetal Distress
  • Fetal Macrosomia
  • Humans
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Infant, Newborn, Diseases*
  • Maternal Age
  • Polyhydramnios*
  • Pre-Eclampsia*
  • Pregnancy
  • Pregnancy Outcome / epidemiology
  • Premature Birth* / epidemiology
  • Premature Birth* / etiology

Grants and funding

This study was supported by grants from the Nanning municipal Science and Technology Department, China (Nos. 20183038-3 and 20223053).