Sleep and Fatigue as Mediators of Racial Discrimination and Internalizing Symptoms in Black Adolescent-Caregiver Dyads

Abstract

While the association of racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms in Black individuals is well established, we still have a limited understanding of mechanisms and contextual factors influencing this association, such as sleep and the family context. The present study examined sleep and fatigue as mediators underlying the relationship between racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms within Black adolescent-caregiver dyads. Using data from a larger survey study of risk and resilience in Black adolescents (M_age= 14.36, 49.5% female) and their caregivers (M_age= 39.25, 75.9% female), we used the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model extended Mediation (APIMeM) to test associations of racial discrimination, sleep factors, and internalizing symptoms among 179 dyads. Significant actor effects revealed that sleep disturbance and fatigue independently mediated the association of racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms among adolescents and caregivers. Additionally, partner effects were found, such that adolescents' experiences of discrimination were indirectly associated with their caregivers' internalizing symptoms via caregiver fatigue. No direct or indirect effects of caregiver experiences of discrimination on adolescent outcomes were found. The findings highlight the important role sleep and fatigue play in the link between racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms among Black adolescents and adults; and the role that the family context may play in this association. Mental health and sleep interventions for Black individuals should address the impact of racial discrimination on internalizing symptoms, with an emphasis on family-focused interventions.

Keywords: Anxiety; Black adolescents; Black family; Depression; Racial discrimination; Sleep.