Synthesis and evaluation of phenylimidazole FabK inhibitors as new Anti-C. Difficile agents

Abstract

Previously, 1-((4-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(5-(pyridin-2-ylthio)thiazol-2-yl)urea bearing a p-bromine substitution was shown to possess selective inhibitory activity against the Clostridioides difficile enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase II enzyme, FabK. Inhibition of CdFabK by this compound translated to promising antibacterial activity in the low micromolar range. In these studies, we sought to expand our knowledge of the SAR of the phenylimidazole CdFabK inhibitor series while improving the potency of the compounds. Three main series of compounds were synthesized and evaluated based on: 1) pyridine head group modifications including the replacement with a benzothiazole moiety, 2) linker explorations, and 3) phenylimidazole tail group modifications. Overall, improvement in the CdFabK inhibition was achieved, while maintaining the whole cell antibacterial activity. Specifically, compounds 1-((4-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(5-((3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)thio)thiazol-2-yl)urea, 1-((4-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)urea, and 1-((4-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)urea showed CdFabK inhibition (IC₅₀ = 0.10 to 0.24 μM), a 5 to 10-fold improvement in biochemical activity relative to 1-((4-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(5-(pyridin-2-ylthio)thiazol-2-yl)urea, with anti-C. difficile activity ranging from 1.56 to 6.25 μg/mL. Detailed analysis of the expanded SAR, supported by computational analysis, is presented.

Keywords: Antibacterial; Benzothiazole; Clostridioides difficile; Enoyl-ACP reductase II; FabK; Phenylimidazole.